The conceptualization of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) (eco)systems has evolved significantly over the last four decades, mirroring broader shifts in development paradigms, governance priorities, and societal expectations. This scoping review seeks to answer the research question: How are M&E (eco)systems conceptualized in the literature? It explores this evolution, tracing M&E from its origins as a technical tool for accountability to its current framing as a dynamic, context-sensitive ecosystem integral to learning, decision-making, and systemic change.
